Facts about chloroform (summarized from
www.imchem.org):
Name: Trichloromethane
Main Brand Name or Trade Names (among many): Freon20, R20 (refrigerant)
Main Risks: Acutely central nervous system depression and respiratory arrest, late onset liver and kidney damage
Summary of Clinical Effects (from
www.imchem.org):
Acute poisoning with chloroform is uncommon. The main
route of exposure is inhalation but in some cases poisoning
is due to ingestion; skin absorption is limited. Central
nervous system depression is the most prominent sign after
acute exposure. Death may occur within few minutes of heavy
exposure from respiratory arrest or from ventricular
fibrillation (cardiac arrest). The prognosis is favourable if
consciousness is recovered but liver and kidney damage may
then develop. Less severe exposure causes dizziness, dilated
pupils, nausea, vomiting.
Diagnosis (i.e., symptoms) (from
www.imchem.org):
Headache, impaired consciousness, convulsions,
respiratory paralysis, dizziness, abdominal pain, nausea,
vomiting and diarrhoea are the feature of chloroform
poisoning following ingestion There may be dizziness and
short of breath following inhalation.
Later, symptoms of liver and kidney may develop. The main
features of acute poisoning do not depend on the route of
entry but rather on the amount of chloroform absorbed by the
body.
Analysis of biological fluids plays no role in the diagnosis
of acute poisoning. [Bolding mine]
Hazardous Characteristics (edited from
www.inchem.org):
At normal temperature and pressures, chloroform is a
heavy, very volatile, clear, colourless, highly refractive,
non inflammable liquid. It has a characteristic sweet,
ethereal odour and a sweetish burning taste. The odour is not
irritant. Pure chloroform is light, sensitive and reagent
grade chloroform usually contains 0.75% ethanol as stabilizer.
[So this tells me that a scientist can determine pure grade chloroform from some bootleg chloroform.]
Chloroform is extremely volatile. The website mentions many chemicals with which it reacts and how it reacts.
Routes of exposure:
Oral (drinking/swallowing)-- Acute poisoning may be due to accidental or deliberate ingestion. Chloroform is readily absorbed through mucous membranes. Although water, food and oral drugs contain minute amounts of chloroform, significant chronic poisoning is unlikely by this route. The gastrointestinal absorption of chloroform has not been satisfactorily studied but is said to occur readily; the peak blood concentration occurs one hour after ingestion
Inhalation-- Inhalation is the most frequent and the most important
route of entry of chloroform. Poisoning by this route is also
best understood from experience of its use as a general
anaesthetic until it was replaced by less toxic
compounds.
Up to 64-67% of chloroform from inspired air is retained in
the body. Pulmonary intake is directly related to the
chloroform concentration in the air, the ventilation volume
and to the duration of exposure.
[So, I assume, if someone held a 100% chloroform soaked towel to a person's face (mixed with oxygen being huffed through the towel) the most chloroform inspired and retained would be 64-67%.]
Inhalation is the principal route of entry of chloroform into the body. The total quantity absorbed through the lungs is directly proportional to:
the concentration in the inspired air;
the exposure time;
the blood/air Ostwald solubility coefficient;
the solubility in the various body tissuesphysical
activity.
The basic kinetic parameters of chloroform absorption by
inhalation and its equilibration in the body apply equally to
both low and high concentrations. At concentrations inducing
anaesthesia (8000 - 10,000 ppm), a high blood level (about
100 mg/l) is obtained within a couple of minutes.
Metabolism of Chloroform:
Metabolism
Chloroform is extensively metabolized by the liver.
Phosgene, carbene and chlorine are some of the metabolites
which may account for its cytotoxic activity.
How body eliminates chloroform:
The elimination of chloroform is not qualitatively
affected by the route of exposure. About 60 - 70% is
eliminated unchanged in expired air; 30 - 40% is metabolized
and excreted in urine and faeces. Its metabolism is
dose-dependent and may be proportionally higher at lower
exposures
Course, prognosis, cause of death (goes with what Baden was saying):
Acute poisoning with chloroform may follow a benign
course and leave no permanent damage. However, after rapid
absorption of high doses, death occurs quickly due to
respiratory paralysis or cardiac arrest, especially when
proper cardio-respiratory resuscitation is not available. If
the patient survives this early dramatic phase, or when the
exposure is less severe, moderate CNS depression is the most
prominent effect of acute poisoning. The patient may be
dizzy, stuporous or deeply unconscious and, if there is no
further absorption, recovery occurs gradually 20-60 minutes
after exposure, often with profuse vomiting.
After larger or repeated exposures, liver and, less
frequently,overt kidney damage may develop after several
days. This may be followed by complete recovery within
several weeks but may also have a fatal outcome, sometimes
even within less than a week