California's Voluntary Manslaughter Law
Penal Code 192(a) PC
You come home from work, only to find your wife in bed with another man. In a sudden burst of rage, you kill them both. Despite the fact that this sounds like murder, it's probably not. Under California law, it's more likely to constitute voluntary manslaughter.
California's voluntary manslaughter laws apply to killings that you commit
during a sudden quarrel, or
in the heat of passion.1
Prosecutors rarely file Penal Code 192 (a) voluntary manslaughter as a separate charge. The offense usually comes up in murder cases, where the accused admits to killing the victim, but seeks have the charge reduced from murder to manslaughter.
If the charge is reduced to manslaughter, the defendant faces a maximum of 11 years in prison. With murder, by contrast, he faces a potential life sentence...or sometimes even execution.
Below, our California criminal defense attorneys2 address the following:
1. The Legal Definition of Voluntary Manslaughter in California
2. Examples
3. Legal Defenses
3.1. Self-defense / defense of others
3.2. The insanity defense
3.3. Accident
3.4. Plea bargain from murder
4. Penalties, Punishment and Sentencing
5. Related Offenses
5.1. Murder
5.2. Attempted murder
5.3. Involuntary manslaughter
5.4. Vehicular manslaughter
5.5. DUI manslaughter / Watson murder
If, after reading this article, you would like more information, we invite you to contact us at Shouse Law Group.
1. The Legal Definition of Voluntary Manslaughter in California
When you
intentionally kill another person (without a legal excuse for doing so), or
act with a conscious disregard for human life,
you either violate California's murder law or California's voluntary manslaughter law. The difference between the two is whether you acted with "malice aforethought".
Malice aforethought exists when you act with (a) an intent to kill or (b) a wanton disregard for human life. When you kill another person (or fetus).and act with malice aforethought.you are guilty of murder. However, when you kill someone during a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion, California law presumes you acted without malice.which is why we have the reduced charge of voluntary manslaughter.3
Sudden quarrel or heat of passion
To kill another person during a sudden quarrel or in the heat of passion means
you were provoked,
as a result of being provoked, you acted rashly and under the influence of intense emotion that obscured your reasoning or judgment, and
the provocation would have caused an average person to act rashly and without due deliberation.that is, from passion rather than from judgment.4
For Penal Code 192(a) purposes, "heat of passion" means any violent or intense emotion that causes a person to act impulsively. If.between the time you are provoked and the time you kill.you have had enough time to "cool off" and regain your ability to think rationally, then you would more likely be guilty of premeditated murder than manslaughter.5
And.with respect to provocation.California courts haven't established a set criteria for what constitutes "sufficient" provocation. They have, however, ruled that it can't be slight or remote.
The provocation must be so influential that it would cause an average person in the same situation to react emotionally rather than logically. This is an objective standard. How you personally reacted is only justifiable if it is how a fictional average person would have reacted.6
Example: Defendant picked up a young woman who was hitchhiking. They went back to her house and had sex before he stabbed her eight or nine times and manually strangled her to death. He claimed that he killed her because
he was drunk, and
upon hearing a helicopter fly overhead, he suffered Vietnam war flashbacks that caused him to "snap".
But as the California Supreme Court stated, "Defendant's evidence that he was intoxicated, that he suffered various mental deficiencies, that he had a psychological dysfunction due to traumatic experiences in the Vietnam War, and that he just "snapped" when he heard the helicopter, may have satisfied the subjective element of heat of passion.
But it does not satisfy the objective, reasonable person requirement, which requires provocation by the victim. To satisfy the objective or 'reasonable person' element of this form of voluntary manslaughter, the accused's heat of passion must be due to sufficient provocation.[E]vidence of defendant's extraordinary character and environmental deficiencies was manifestly irrelevant to the inquiry."7
2. Examples
The following are examples of some cases where courts held sufficient provocation existed to reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter under Penal Code 192 (a).
Being Accosted by an Angry Mob
In People v. Breverman, the court held that the defendant was entitled to a voluntary manslaughter jury instruction when a "mob" of young men.armed with dangerous weapons and harboring a specific hostile intent.trespassed upon his property, acting in a menacing manner. The group's conduct included challenging the defendant to fight and using the weapons to batter and smash the defendant's car which was parked in the defendant's driveway, only a short distance from his front door.
The court held that this scenario was enough to cause fear and panic and that defendant.and more importantly, an ordinary reasonable person...could have been aroused to passion which would have obscured his reasoning when he tried to scare the group away by firing random shots through his door and towards the men.8
Confronting Your Brother's Murder Suspect
In People v. Brooks, the defendant was at the crime scene where his brother had just been stabbed to death. People at the scene told the defendant who the alleged murderer was, and this person was also present at the scene. The defendant attacked the alleged suspect, but police broke up the fight. Defendant then left and returned two hours later with his gun when he shot and killed the alleged suspect.
The court held that "the disclosure of information that the victim murdered a family member of the defendant is legally adequate provocation for voluntary manslaughter." It further reasoned that even though two hours had passed between the time the defendant learned the information and shot the victim, the defendant still acted in the "heat of passion" based on the testimony of two police witnesses who stated that the defendant was "very upset" and "extremely upset" when he was questioning all the bystanders at the scene of his brother's murder.9
Being Tormented by One's Lover
In People v. Borchers, the defendant was prompted to kill his lover based on a series of events that included admitting to infidelity, trying to jump out of his moving car, taking a gun and threatening to kill herself, pleading with the defendant to kill her, and taunting him by asking if he was too "chicken" to pull the gun's trigger.
As the court opined, "It may fairly be concluded that the evidence on the issue of not guilty supports a finding that defendant killed in wild desperation induced by Dotty's long continued provocatory conduct."10
In contrast, the following are examples of cases where courts held that there was not sufficient provocation to reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter.
People v. Lucas (name calling, smirking, "dirty looks" and general taunting are not sufficient to reduce a murder charge to that of California voluntary manslaughter)11
People v. Kanawyer (although provocation can arise from a series of events over time, that doesn't include the 14-15 year period during which the defendant was subject to criticism and ridicule by his grandparents whom he later killed when he broke into their home and shot them at close range with a sawed-off shotgun)12
People v. Fenenbock (evidence that the defendant and a group of others took the victim into the woods and killed him in retaliation for allegedly molesting one of the codefendant's daughters two days after the alleged molestation was sufficient to support a deliberated and premeditated murder)13
People v. Rich (when you are in the act of committing a crime against another person.and that person predictably resists the crime.that resistance does not constitute the kind of sufficient provocation necessary to reduce a murder charge to voluntary manslaughter should you ultimately end up killing the victim).14