1. Are all the elements in the universe, not just the earth, listed on the Periodic Table of Chemical Elements (Mendeleev Periodic Table)?
We tend to think so - at a basic level. Elements we understand pretty well, and the periodic number is simply the number of protons in the element. So, in the lower numbers, we're familiar with each element - one proton - hydrogen. 2 protons, helium. 8 protons - carbon. There can be isotopes of these, based on how many neutrons, electrons there are, but the element itself is simply a name given to the number of protrons.
The question is how big it can go - the more protons you stuff into a neucleus, the faster it falls apart. We've constructed the higher elements in labs - they're not naturally occurring, and they're radioactive. Probably some of them are sitting inside stars, and quite possibly a few higher numbers than we know of. But the idea of, let's say, a new element that is like carbon, but not carbon - that we're pretty sure just doesn't exist.
Now, it's interesting how they are all used - carbon may be coal or a diamond depending on the structure of the chemical bonds (which basicly amount to the electron sharing arrangement they've come up with, with the other atoms in the molecules), or the old limerick:
Johnny was a chemist
Johnny is no more
What Johnny thought was H2O
Was H2SO4