Case Study:
JonBenét Ramsey
GERALD R. McMENAMIN
10.1 Introduction
Six-year-old JonBenét Ramsey was found dead in her home on December
26, 1996. Before she was found, a three-page ransom letter (Figure 10.1) was discovered in the Ramsey home, precipitating the search for the missing child.
In early January, 1997, attorneys for John and Patricia Ramsey anticipated
the need to determine if each parent could be excluded as the writer of the
ransom letter. Therefore, they sought assistance on the Ramsey matter,
requesting a forensic stylistic analysis of the questioned ransom note vis-àvis
the known reference writings of each parent.
The district attorney, for reasons seemingly related to other available
evidence, focused less on John Ramsey and more on Patricia Ramsey as the
potential writer of the ransom letter. Linguistic findings regarding both the
ransom letter and the known Ramsey writings were first reported to their
attorneys in January 1997. This chapter reports elements of the linguistic
analysis principally related to Patricia Ramsey.
10.2 Method
Four tasks were undertaken in order to accomplish this assignment. First, I
established the range of variation present in the questioned ransom letter. I
then did the same for the known reference writings of John and Patricia
Ramsey, which consisted of three types of hand-printed texts for each of
them:
1. one requested writing in the form of a hand-printed repetition of
the ransom letter, produced as a result of dictation of the letter to each person on separate occasions,
2. two requested writings in the form of hand-printed repetitions of the ransom letter, produced as a result of each person copying their first dictated letter on separate occasions, and
3. a limited sample of nonrequest natural writings, produced before December 26, 1996, in the form of personal notes, calendar entries, and letters. Also, since Patricia Ramsey remained a suspect-writer after initial investigative efforts, she later produced from dictation another two hand-printed versions of the ransom note.
... concluding ...
10.5 Discussion
Exclusion of Mrs. Ramsey as the author of the questioned letter is indicated
because the stylistic profiles of her reference writings and the evidence writing are different. There are 18 to 20 variables (depending on how they are
counted) with contrasting variants in the two sets of writings. Further, the
questioned letter contains sufficient variability to estimate the probability at
zero that its stylistic profile could be randomly matched. In the most conservative of analyses, in examining just the three variables that occur in and also differ from Mrs. Ramseys precrime, nonrequest writing, the probability of these three variables randomly occurring in any one writer is estimated at 14 to 17%.
10.5.1 Strength of Findings
Authorship exclusion requires presence of significant differences; identification
requires absence of significant differences as well as presence of significant
similarities between questioned and known writings. In this case, the substance and strength of differences between the questioned ransom letter
and the known Ramsey writings are sufficient to exclude Mrs. Ramsey as the
writer of the ransom letter. The differences are substantial and strong insofar
as they show the broad range of individual difference in the language system
of each writer.
For example, note that the questioned writers hyphenation of the compound
word pick-up, contrasts with the Ramseys probably unconscious
habits of writing it as one word (Johns pickup), or as two words without
hyphen (Patricias pick up). The remaining respective habits of style used by
John and Patricia Ramsey all show, in varying degrees, underlying language
systems very different from each other, as well as from the writer of the
questioned letter.