I raised my kids before every kid was attached to a cell phone. Some of their friends had beepers, but mine did not. I had to parent the old fashioned way. If I came home and one of my kids wasn't here, I would not panic and think the world had ended. I would wait to see if they came back for about half an hour, then I would start calling their friends if I had their phone numbers or I would go to their houses if I didn't.
I can only remember one time it took awhile to find one of my children, and I was starting to be alarmed but before I could go all psycho mom and call the police, he showed up again. However, when I got my hands on him, I went all psycho mom on him. He didn't do it again. The point is, he did do it once. And that would have been all it takes to disappear for good.
Their rules were they let me know where they are at all times. They call me when they got to where they were going, they call me when the left. I needed to know who, what, when, where, how and why each time they went out the door. I had "spies" on every block in the neighborhood because I was very involved in the community. Everyone knew me and everyone knew them. I could cover more miles sitting on my couch at home by the phone then they could on foot. They found out the hard way.