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In checking the autopsy report, it said the toxicology came from a blood test. It reported the bladder was empty of urine, so I assume that is why there was no reference to also using urine for testing. The autopsy report is dated as 12/27/96, signed off by Meyer.
Here are some things from a couple of website reports that I find interesting with regard as to the possibility of Klonopin not being detected by Meyer's blood toxicology test:
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(for info only):Common street names of benzodiazepines include Benzos and
Downers. The five most encountered benzodiazepines on the illicit
market are alprazolam (Xanax®), lorazepam (Ativan®), clonazepam (Klonopin®), diazepam (Valium®), and temazepam (Restori®). The method of abuse is typically oral or snorted in crushed form. The DEA notes a particularly high rate of abuse among heroin and cocaine abusers.In 2009, benzodiazepines ranked only second (312,931) behind narcotic pain relievers (342,983) in the number of emergency
department visits involving nonmedical use of pharmaceuticals
(DAWN). In 2010, the American Association of Poison Control Centers
reported a total of 81,427 benzodiazepine single-substance exposures.
In the United States, benzodiazepines are schedule IV controlled drugs
of the Controlled Substance Act.
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Benzodiazepines are sometimes used for criminal purposes; they serve to incapacitate a victim in cases of drug assisted rape or robbery.[145]
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The use of a drug to modify a persons behavior for criminal gain is not a recent phenomenon. However, the recent increase in reports of drug-facilitated crimes (sexual assault, robbery) has caused alarm in the general public. The drugs involved can be pharmaceuticals, such as benzodiazepines (flunitrazepam, lorazepam, etc.), hypnotics (zopiclone, zolpidem), sedatives (neuroleptics, some anti-H1) or anaesthetics (γ-hydroxybutyrate, ketamine), drugs of abuse, such as cannabis, ecstasy or LSD, or more often ethanol. To perform successful toxicological examinations, the analyst must follow some important rules: (1) obtain as soon as possible the corresponding biological specimens (blood and urine); (2) collect hair about 1 month after the alleged event; (3) use sophisticated analytical techniques (gas or liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry, MS/MS, headspace gas chromatography); and (4) take care in the interpretation of the findings. Drugs used to facilitate sexual assaults can be difficult to detect (active products at low doses, chemical instability), possess amnesic properties and can be rapidly cleared from the body (short half-life). In these situations, blood or even urine can be of low interest. This is the reason why some laboratories have developed an original approach based on hair testing.
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Who interprets forensic toxicology tests, and how? Toxicologists, chemists, and pathologists all need to be involved to correctly interpret results.
''The first thing we would do is a basic screen for drugs in the urine and in the blood," Magnani says. The search would be for drugs such as opiates, amphetamines, marijuana, alcohol, and barbiturates, she says. (5 classes underlined)
The basic toxicology screen typically uses an immunoassay, Robin says. This type of test looks for drugs in the blood using specific antibodies that detect various classes of drugs.
Getting a complete and accurate forensic toxicology test result can be a lengthy process for a variety of reasons, according to the College of American Pathologists and experts interviewed by WebMD.
There may be a lot of specimens that need to be tested, which means more testing time. And as an investigation proceeds, information about the possibility of another drug being involved may surface, so even more testing may be needed.
"Four to six weeks is pretty standard," Magnani says of the time line for forensic toxicology testing.
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Finally, this from a website devoted to forums discussing actual results:
It appears that most benzo's, except clonazepam come back +benzo's on an initial screen. I think you are right about the metabolite of clonazepam not being picked up on the general benzodiazepine screen.
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From: https://www.labcorp.com
Seven Drug Class Panel Screen C/O Confirm C/O Method
Amphetamines 50 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
* Amphetamine 20 ng/mL
* Methamphetamine 20 ng/mL
Barbiturates 100 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
* Amobarbital 100 ng/mL
* Butalbital 100 ng/mL
* Pentobarbital 100 ng/mL
* Phenobarbital 1000 ng/mL
* Secobarbital 100 ng/mL
Benzodiazepines 50 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
* Desalkylflurazepam 20 ng/mL
* Diazepam 20 ng/mL
* Flurazepam 20 ng/mL
* Nordiazepam 20 ng/mL
* Oxazepam 20 ng/mL
* Temazepam 20 ng/mL
Cannabinoids 10 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
* THC 1 ng/mL
* Carboxy THC 5 ng/mL
Cocaine 20 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
* Cocaine 10 ng/mL
* Benzoylecgonine 10 ng/mL
Opiates 50 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
* Codeine 20 ng/mL
* Morphine 20 ng/mL
Phencyclidine 2.5 ng/mL 2.5 ng/mL IA, GC/MS
From what I can tell from the info I read, it takes at least a 7 panel screen to get to the class of drugs that clonazepam would fall under, and then the other types of benzo's show, but not clonazepam.
After reading through this information, it appears that Meyer may have used the standard 5 panel screen, which DOES NOT detect for benzo's. If he used a 7 panel, it would not show clonazepam. And most confusing is why he signed off on conclusive findings on the same day of the autopsy that he found a blood toxicology negative. According to information about forensic screening when there's been a crime, it takes several weeks to get clear results.
There would need to be a period of time to pass before hair could be used to provide answers. Hair is the ultimate test for conclusive testing, but it cannot be done from hair collected until much later after the crime. (Because of the time the chemicals need to pass into the hair, I understand). So, yes, not exhuming the body would shut down any possibility of getting the most accurate, conclusive results for that class of drugs.
OK you scientific whizzes - help me out here. Am I interpreting that Klonopin might have slipped through Meyer's forensic test cracks?
Thanks for doing all that research MM!
So it sounds like Meyer was as incompetant as just about everyone else in Boulder at that time. Unbelievable! Makes me suspicious of the rest of his findings in the AR too. What other evidence did he miss, or possibly miss?
Yes, I believe you are correct about the hair. Drugs will show up but it takes time for the hair to grow out with the drug evidence present.