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911 Calls
Prosecutors often attempt to prove their cases by seeking the admission of 911 recorded telephone calls. The admission of such 911 calls is now called into doubt as a result of Crawford. In Williams v. State, 909 So. 2d 599 (Fla. 5th DCA 2005), the court ruled that admission of a 911 tape did not violate the defendant's right of confrontation. The court reasoned that statements made to a 911 operator were not testimonial and, thus, their admission was not improper under Crawford.
In Towbridge v. State, 898 So. 2d 1205 (Fla. 3d DCA 2005), the court held that a 911 tape was properly admitted as a "spontaneous statement" under F.S. [section] 90.803(1) (West 2005). In affirming the defendant's conviction, the court relied upon and agreed with the analysis of the Fifth District Court of Appeal in Herrera-Vega v. State, 888 So. 2d 66 (Fla. 5th DCA 2004), which held that Crawford was inapplicable to spontaneous statements made by a child victim to her parents under F.S. [section] 90.803(23). It is interesting to note that Towbridge addressed the admission of a 911 tape under [section] 90.803(1), yet the Towbridge court relied on Herrera-Vega which addressed the admission of a child hearsay statement under [section] 90.803(23).
It appears that some courts are concluding that 911 calls are non-testimonial because the statement is not made in response to police questioning and because the purpose of the call is to obtain assistance, not make a record against someone. (12) The U.S. Supreme Court, in Davis v. Washington, 126 S. Ct. 547 (2005), has recently accepted certiorari review in a Washington state case involving the admissibility of 911 calls in light of Crawford. The Washington Supreme Court in Davis. determined that in most cases,
one who calls 911 for emergency help is not "bearing witness" and thus, the 911 call will not be the equivalent of a testimonial statement, but a 911 call to the police to report a crime may be the functional equivalent of testimony to a government agent and thus, testimonial in nature. (13) Counsel litigating the admissibility of 911 calls should pay close attention to this anticipated Supreme Court decision.
Type of Cross-Examination Necessary to Satisfy Defendant's Right to Cross-examine Declarant
A major issue in Florida which has not been resolved by the Florida Supreme Court or the U. S. Supreme Court, is the type of cross-examination necessary to satisfy a defendant's right to cross-examine a declarant under Crawford. In states such as Florida, where pre-trial depositions are permitted, does a defendant's right to take a declarant's pre-trial deposition qualify as Crawford-sufficient cross-examination? What if the defendant chooses not to take the declarant's deposition? Does the actual taking of a pre-trial deposition of a declarant by a defendant satisfy this confrontation-clause based right to cross-examine? Or, must the defendant be afforded his or her right to cross-examine in the courtroom during trial? Florida decisions are currently split on these issues. (14)
This is a thorny issue which can only be flushed out by future Florida and federal decisions. Although an argument can be made that such pre-trial depositions do satisfy Crawford's cross-examination requirement, it cannot be refuted that there is no cross-examination like trial cross-examination in the courtroom with all the attendant formalities and authority. Pretrial depositions are often conducted in small, cramped, un-professional rooms. Some depositions have even been conducted in hallways. Depositions are often not as focused or surgical as trial cross-examination. The stronger argument is that there is simply no pretrial substitute for in-court cross-examination of the declarant in the courtroom before a judge and quite often a jury.15 It may very well be a slippery slope, indeed, if the defendant's prior opportunity to take a pre-trial deposition of a declarant, or a defendant's actual pre-trial taking of a declarant's deposition, is permitted to substitute for the in-court cross-examination. Future cases will certainly have to resolve the issue of whether pretrial depositions, or the right to take such depositions, satisfies the cross-examination requirement of Crawford.