CSIDreamer
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It's a very odd type of damage. I tend to think that it's not burned. If it had been burned, I don't think that we would see what looks like shredded fibres; eg. the camel piece which look torn. We'd see more burned edge lines, rather than what looks like complete disintegration.
It's not sun damage, nor insect or mouse damage. It doesn't look like simple mould or mildew. It's not bleach damage, and probably not mechanical damage, although it looks as though the quilt has been cut in half.
I wonder if it is chemical damage. It looks to me like sulphuric acid damage, which eats cotton completely, or makes it look ash-like and burned. It doesn't harm polyester in the same way, so the quilt batt, the thread, and one of the fabrics seem untouched.
Some household cleaning products, like drain cleaner, or toilet bowl cleaner, contain sulphuric acid. Could the quilt have been used as a cleaning rag?
http://www.academia.edu/7131115/High-yield_carbonization_of_cellulose_by_sulfuric_acid_impregnation
"The dehydrating effects of sulfuric acid explain its reactions with many common organic materials. It will remove hydrogen and oxygen from molecules that contain these elements in the 2:1 ratio found in the water molecule (H2O) for example, carbohydrates which include sugars, starch and cellulose. Sulfuric acid will react with carbohydrates to remove the hydrogen and oxygen, leaving behind carbon. A well known laboratory demonstration illustrates this; concentrated sulfuric acid is added to sucrose table sugar in a beaker and quickly converts it to a mass of charcoal, with a good deal of heat produced. This is the reason that sulfuric acid chars wood and paper substances which consist mainly of carbohydrates [including cotton]".
http://www.wisegeek.com/what-are-the-effects-of-sulfuric-acid.htm
Well, that just gave me a rather unpleasant thought. Would sulfuric acid be used to destroy human remains?