Prior Vaginal Trauma

  • #761
Possible similarities.

bubm

**The "Amy" Attacker Theory**
  • Another possibility is the intruder who, just 9 months after JBR's murder, surreptitiously entered a house while mother and daughter (known as "Amy") were present and sexually assaulted a 14 year girl who attended the Dance West, the same dance studio attended by JBR; this raises the possibility that the same individual stalked JBR after noticing her at the studio.
**Incriminating Evidence Against the "Amy" Attacker**

  • 14-Year Old Dancer. "Nine months after the slaying of JonBenet Ramsey, a girl who attended the same dance studio as the young beauty queen and lived just two miles away was assaulted in her bed by an intruder while her mother slept nearby." Possible similarities to the JBR killing include:
  1. Attended Same Dance Studio. Girl performed at same dance studio as JBR took lessons: Dance West. Thus perp may have seen both girls at the same location.
  2. Public Performances. Like JBR, Amy had performed in several public functions in Boulder in the year before her death, giving the perp another potential opportunity or motive for targeting her.
  3. Close Proximity in Space and Time to JBR Killing. Amy lived 2 miles from Ramseys and the assault occurred on Sept. 14, 1997, only 9 months after JBR died.
  4. Ease of Entry May Denote Prior Experience. "He was like a ghost," recalls Amy's father. "We couldn't figure out where he came from, or where he went." "By the time the Boulder police arrived, the man was long gone. Because the intruder had gotten in and out of the house so easily, Amy's father began to think this wasn't the first time he had done something like this."
  5. Family Away When Perp Entered House. The family was out of the house from late afternoon on the eve of the crime, until after dark. "That night, Amy's father was out of town. After catching a movie, Amy and her mother returned home late. What they didn't know when they entered the house was that there was already an intruder inside" (CBS News).
  6. Perp Waited 4-6 Hours Before Entering Bedroom. The intruder may have waited at least four hours before entering Amy's second-floor bedroom. "Amy's father, who asked that his identity be obscured, agreed to talk about what happened that night: "My feeling is he got into the house while they were out and hid inside the house, so he would have been in there for perhaps four to six hours, hiding" (CBS News).
  7. Sexual Assault Occurred at Night While Parent Sleeping. The perp found Amy in bed and assaulted her in the house while mother was sleeping. "Before going to bed, Amy's mother turned on the burglar alarm. Around midnight, Amy woke up to find a man standing over her bed, his hand over her mouth. "She remembered the intruder addressing her by her name," says Peterson. "He said, 'I know who you are.' He repeated those things a few times, apparently. 'I'll knock you out. Shut up.'" (CBS News).
  8. Sexual Assault Included Digital Penetration and Oral Sex. Amy was sexually assaulted by penetration of finger or object and orally.
**Exculpatory Evidence Favoring the "Amy" Attacker**

  • Age Discrepancy. Pedophiles typically focus on victims of similar age. Normally, a pedophile whose interest was in 6 year olds would not be particularly interested in 14-year-olds.
  • No "Personal" RN Left in Amy Attack. This theory does not explain the ransom note containing "personal" language directed at John Ramsey; no similar ransom note was found in the "Amy" case, although it is not clear how things would have turned out had the mother not interrupted the attack. "Peterson says Amy's mother heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway, and saw a person, who just brushed her aside and quickly made his escape by jumping out a second-floor window" (CBS News).
Regarding exculpatory "Age Discrepancy" ... we do not know whether or not the "JBR perp" and / or the "Amy perp" are / is a "pedophile" or simply enjoy(s) sexual attacks and is non-discriminate regarding age. There are enough [possibe] similarities that we could lean toward assuming as more likely a non-age-discriminate perp was involved, than not.


Also, "Amy was sexually assaulted by penetration of finger or object and orally." .. which is similar to what is believed to have occurred with JBR, i.e.: finger [digital] penetration?

Oral? If JBR's thighs were wiped (as evidenced by detected smear/s) we might assume the perp wiped his saliva from JBR? It's certainly possible.

As to the RN, the attack on Amy was interrupted whereas the attack on JBR was not. Who knows what would have transpired if there was no interruption and the 'Amy perp' was allowed to proceed unhindered?

There are enough similarities to keep this perp high on the list and IMO, moreso than JR .. unless JR also is the "Amy attacker" .. which is unlikely.
 
  • #762
How many DNA labs maintain DNA records of their employees so that they might if necessary, rule out contamination from within? - CM

Heyya CM.

I do remember reading a news article in which BC LE iirc, commented that the dna pattern had been cross referenced to employess within the lab (dna database) and individuals that were at the crime scene; police paramedics and attending staff within coroners office.


If I stumble upon it, I'll be sure to post it.
 
  • #763
There are enough similarities to keep this perp high on the list and IMO, moreso than JR .. unless JR also is the "Amy attacker" .. which is unlikely.

moreso Ridiculous.

CM, could you provide a link to the source material posted,
ie **The "Amy" Attacker Theory**
 
  • #764
Possible similarities.

bubm

Regarding exculpatory "Age Discrepancy" ... we do not know whether or not the "JBR perp" and / or the "Amy perp" are / is a "pedophile" or simply enjoy(s) sexual attacks and is non-discriminate regarding age. There are enough [possibe] similarities that we could lean toward assuming as more likely a non-age-discriminate perp was involved, than not.


Also, "Amy was sexually assaulted by penetration of finger or object and orally." .. which is similar to what is believed to have occurred with JBR, i.e.: finger [digital] penetration?

Oral? If JBR's thighs were wiped (as evidenced by detected smear/s) we might assume the perp wiped his saliva from JBR? It's certainly possible.

As to the RN, the attack on Amy was interrupted whereas the attack on JBR was not. Who knows what would have transpired if there was no interruption and the 'Amy perp' was allowed to proceed unhindered?

There are enough similarities to keep this perp high on the list and IMO, moreso than JR .. unless JR also is the "Amy attacker" .. which is unlikely.

Two things that stand out for me:

1- JonBenet's killer was in the house for hours and never made one sound that woke anyone in the house (I'm talking about during the crime). If he is the same as Amy's attacker, one would think he would have gotten better at being undetected instead of being detected during attack. Maybe they didn't have a cellar that he could carry her off to. Does anyone know anything about Amy's house?

2- DNA I hate even typing this, but if he performered oral sex on Amy, they should have his DNA in CODIS and that will either confirm or deny involvement in JonBenet's death. Since he has never been named a suspect, I believe there was no dna match.

Personally, I think Amy's attacker got caught the first time he attempted this and he had nothing to do with JonBenet's death. I believe this because we have not heard anything that connects his dna to other cases. If I'm wrong and he managed to commit the crime against Amy without leaving dna, someone please point me to a link.
TIA
Becky
 
  • #765
Cool. My count:761th post on Websleuths was the #761 post in this thread (now lists count:762 with THIS 'Cool" post.)

[ame="http://www.websleuths.com/forums/showpost.php?p=5822272&postcount=761"]Websleuths Crime Sleuthing Community - View Single Post - Prior Vaginal Trauma[/ame]
 
  • #766
  • #767
  • #768
  • #769
There are enough similarities to keep this perp high on the list and IMO, moreso than JR .. unless JR also is the "Amy attacker" .. which is unlikely.

We've examined the "Amy" idea six ways to Sunday around here, Chuck. The police didn't think there was a connection. And please do not waste time with any of those anti-Ramsey police conspiracy theories. It's one thing to claim that the police ignored evidence that led away from the Rs (which I don't buy); it's another thing altogether to suggest that they deliberately let another creep get away for the sake of bolstering their theory.

For my part, I don't see any evidence that "Amy" WAS attacked, apart from the girl's say-so. I wouldn't be shocked to find out it was her boyfriend or some such and she claimed it was an attacker so her parents wouldn't get mad--she wouldn't be the first. And the father's imagination ran away with him.

Tadpole's right. The idea that this person, if he exists, is a better suspect than JR is, IMO, pretty ridiculous.
 
  • #770
Hi, jkb,

bbm

Two things that stand out for me:

1- JonBenet's killer was in the house for hours and never made one sound that woke anyone in the house (I'm talking about during the crime). If he is the same as Amy's attacker, one would think he would have gotten better at being undetected instead of being detected during attack. Maybe they didn't have a cellar that he could carry her off to. Does anyone know anything about Amy's house?

We must account the R family had been to a Christmas party earlier that evening and afterward had delivered presents to a few houses along the way home. I expect they were fairly tired by the time they arrived to home. Plus, the R dwelling was sized at over 6,800 sq. ft., with spacing and distances greater than 'average' 1500 - 2000 sq. ft. dwellings.

In the article, we are not informed as to why Amy's mother was awake or if she had even slept that evening. We know that she "heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway."

To wit:

No "Personal" RN Left in Amy Attack. This theory does not explain the ransom note containing "personal" language directed at John Ramsey; no similar ransom note was found in the "Amy" case, although it is not clear how things would have turned out had the mother not interrupted the attack. "Peterson says Amy's mother heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway, and saw a person, who just brushed her aside and quickly made his escape by jumping out a second-floor window"
I read that as Amy's bedroom door already was open.

Amy's mother had approached Amy's bedroom for whatever reason, where the door already was open. She heard whispering and entered the bedroom.

We might assume the whispering was what caused Amy's mother to (perhaps awaken and) approach the doorway or initially it could have been rustling or other activity sounds and then she heard whispering when she was kust outside the bedroom.

Regardless, I do not find this point as exculpatory since the perp "wanting to get better at being undetected" is a different reality than expecting the perp to have "gotten better at being undetected".

We might expect the perp to want to become better at his MO but in reality many typically-unheard noises that occur during daylight hours might seem quite amplified and noticeable if they occurred during the dead of night.

No matter how hard one might try, some actions and movements sound off with a finite noise / level.

2- DNA I hate even typing this, but if he performered oral sex on Amy, they should have his DNA in CODIS and that will either confirm or deny involvement in JonBenet's death. Since he has never been named a suspect, I believe there was no dna match.

I've not yet located information regarding the "Amy" case and collected DNA. It is possible there was no viable DNA sample found and that case, too, might remain as in unsloved status.

Personally, I think Amy's attacker got caught the first time he attempted this and he had nothing to do with JonBenet's death. I believe this because we have not heard anything that connects his dna to other cases. If I'm wrong and he managed to commit the crime against Amy without leaving dna, someone please point me to a link.
TIA
Becky

I do not believe the "Amy" intruder was ever identified, much less caught.

bbm

http://www.cbsnews.com/stories/2004/12/16/48hours/main661569.shtml

Peterson says Amy's mother heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway, and saw a person, who just brushed her aside and quickly made his escape by jumping out a second-floor window.

"He was like a ghost," recalls Amy's father. "We couldn't figure out where he came from, or where he went."

By the time the Boulder police arrived, the man was long gone. Because the intruder had gotten in and out of the house so easily, Amy's father began to think this wasn't the first time he had done something like this.

"The first thing that occurred to us was that it was the parallel to the Ramsey case because it was exactly the same situation," says Amy's father, who even told the Boulder police about the Dance West studio connection to the Ramsey case. "I think someone, somewhere, drew a bead on her. Obviously had us under surveillance that we were not aware of."

The studio has since gone out of business and been torn down, but photos show that there was a balcony overlooking the dance floor where parents and anyone else could come in and watch the children.

But Amy's dad says that when he told the police detectives about the information he had, "they were completely uninterested in it."

"They were very frustrated," says Peterson. "It was difficult to get them to do anything much less, you know, beyond taking a report."

But not only did the Boulder police dismiss any link to the Ramsey case, they didn't even bother to use the mother's eyewitness description to make a composite sketch. That's when Amy's family hired Peterson. What he has uncovered in his investigation may not only solve Amy's case, but also help lead to the capture of JonBenet's killer.

"This person is someone with a huge ego, someone who views himself as bold," says Peterson, who believes there are too many parallels between Amy's case and JonBenet's murder.

Both JonBenet and Amy were sexually assaulted by an intruder at night in their homes -- within nine months of each other. Fiber evidence shows that JonBenet's attacker may have been wearing black, as was the man who attacked Amy. And there's the fact that both girls took lessons at the Dance West studio.

But Boulder police never found any connections to the murder of JonBenet.

That last sentence is confusing as it is incomplete. Was DNA found at the Amy scene and failed to match DNA found on JBR?

If so, I have yet to find an article or report stating so.

I suspect if DNA was found at the Amy scene and it was exculpatory as to the JBR case we'd know about it at this point.
 
  • #771
Going through the vault ...

and it was 'our Sophie' who put such great effort forward to obtain additional details.


Amy Rapist DNA Update:
[ame="http://www.websleuths.com/forums/showthread.php?t=89106"]Amy Rapist DNA Update - Websleuths Crime Sleuthing Community[/ame]



ah hah!, and it was voynich, 'our Sithy friend', that first broached the topic.


ARDI -- new hope The return of the IDI
[ame="http://www.websleuths.com/forums/showthread.php?t=85584"]ARDI -- new hope The return of the IDI - Websleuths Crime Sleuthing Community[/ame]
 
  • #772
We've examined the "Amy" idea six ways to Sunday around here, Chuck. The police didn't think there was a connection. And please do not waste time with any of those anti-Ramsey police conspiracy theories. It's one thing to claim that the police ignored evidence that led away from the Rs (which I don't buy); it's another thing altogether to suggest that they deliberately let another creep get away for the sake of bolstering their theory.

For my part, I don't see any evidence that "Amy" WAS attacked, apart from the girl's say-so. I wouldn't be shocked to find out it was her boyfriend or some such and she claimed it was an attacker so her parents wouldn't get mad--she wouldn't be the first. And the father's imagination ran away with him.

Tadpole's right. The idea that this person, if he exists, is a better suspect than JR is, IMO, pretty ridiculous.

We have no reason to suspect the "Amy's" are lying. It does not appear they have profited from their report. It's possible but I have not found a relevant article or report that suggests that.

It's also possible 14 yr old Amy had a (perhaps unwanted) boyfriend whom made his way in to the house (via front door left unlocked by Amy if it was her boyfriend). I have not found a relevant article or report that suggests that, either.

The intruder brushed past her as he left the bedroom and if I were the mother I would have attempted to eyeball the person leaving my 14 yr old daughter's bedroom. I expect that would be a typical action in such a situation. Amy's mother provided a description of the intruder to Peterson (hired by the "Amy"s).

I do not suggest nor believe the BPD completely dismissed the Amy case. I do suspect BPD gave short shrift to any notion of a connection to JBR .. as in today's hindsight we know at that time BPD primarily was focused on the Rs.
 
  • #773
I guess then that leaves me with only one question. Did Amy's parents take her to the ER for a Rape exam? They should have whether or not he actually raped her and I'm sorry but I tend to agree that Amy snuck her boyfriend into the house that night and got caught. Once again I have another question. Whether it was a real intruder or a boyfriend, why in the world was he doing these things and whispering to her with her bedroom door open?????? Only some kind of nut would try that. Or some kind of stupid, hormone fueled teenage boy. I will go back and re-read the thread that Tadpole provided (thanks, Tad!) as I'm sure there's a lot about this that I have just forgotten.
 
  • #774
Hi, jkb,

bbm
We must account the R family had been to a Christmas party earlier that evening and afterward had delivered presents to a few houses along the way home. I expect they were fairly tired by the time they arrived to home. Plus, the R dwelling was sized at over 6,800 sq. ft., with spacing and distances greater than 'average' 1500 - 2000 sq. ft. dwellings.

In the article, we are not informed as to why Amy's mother was awake or if she had even slept that evening. We know that she "heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway."

To wit:

No "Personal" RN Left in Amy Attack. This theory does not explain the ransom note containing "personal" language directed at John Ramsey; no similar ransom note was found in the "Amy" case, although it is not clear how things would have turned out had the mother not interrupted the attack. "Peterson says Amy's mother heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway, and saw a person, who just brushed her aside and quickly made his escape by jumping out a second-floor window"
I read that as Amy's bedroom door already was open.

Amy's mother had approached Amy's bedroom for whatever reason, where the door already was open. She heard whispering and entered the bedroom.

We might assume the whispering was what caused Amy's mother to (perhaps awaken and) approach the doorway or initially it could have been rustling or other activity sounds and then she heard whispering when she was kust outside the bedroom.

Regardless, I do not find this point as exculpatory since the perp "wanting to get better at being undetected" is a different reality than expecting the perp to have "gotten better at being undetected".

We might expect the perp to want to become better at his MO but in reality many typically-unheard noises that occur during daylight hours might seem quite amplified and noticeable if they occurred during the dead of night.

No matter how hard one might try, some actions and movements sound off with a finite noise / level.



I've not yet located information regarding the "Amy" case and collected DNA. It is possible there was no viable DNA sample found and that case, too, might remain as in unsloved status.



I do not believe the "Amy" intruder was ever identified, much less caught.

bbm



That last sentence is confusing as it is incomplete. Was DNA found at the Amy scene and failed to match DNA found on JBR?

If so, I have yet to find an article or report stating so.

I suspect if DNA was found at the Amy scene and it was exculpatory as to the JBR case we'd know about it at this point.

Hi CM

Like you, I was pretty excited when I found this report too. But RDI quickly dampened this down with their "it was probably her boyfriend" or 'it was a JBR copy-cat" or "she was older". Makes you wonder doesn't it?

I tried to go through the 'dance school' theory, someone close to one of the instructors etc, but there's just not enough information. When you start to look there are a lot of people they came into contact with who may have known about them and where they lived etc, but were not on the Rs radar at all.

Peterson apparently with Lou Smit did some investigation and had some interesting things to say about it and about Boulder at that time. #
www.rwpeterson.com/articles/rancho_santa_fe_review.pdf
# Of course, Peterson also is derided by RDI. There are a few articles on the net about this, interviews, etc. I think this man has a lot of information from the investigations he did back then, cigarette butts from both locations etc. There were a lot of break ins and home invasions around this time, where women were assaulted which were never linked to JBR by the cops (cause they had their own theory). It wouldn't surprise me in the least if they haven't put any DNA found in the Amy case into CODIS.
 
  • #775
"Peterson says Amy's mother heard whispering, and proceeded through the doorway, and saw a person, who just brushed her aside and quickly made his escape by jumping out a second-floor window"
my bold


This just jumped out at me, because I've recently wondered if the murderer of JBR came in via the balcony window adjacent to her bedroom (would you call this a 'second-floor' balcony?) He must have been pretty agile eh?
 
  • #776
We have no reason to suspect the "Amy's" are lying. It does not appear they have profited from their report. It's possible but I have not found a relevant article or report that suggests that.

It's also possible 14 yr old Amy had a (perhaps unwanted) boyfriend whom made his way in to the house (via front door left unlocked by Amy if it was her boyfriend). I have not found a relevant article or report that suggests that, either.

Just giving you the possibilities. Sort of like you've been doing.

I suspect if DNA was found at the Amy scene and it was exculpatory as to the JBR case we'd know about it at this point.

I was going to say the opposite. If there were any connection, we'd have been beaten over the head with it.

I do not suggest nor believe the BPD completely dismissed the Amy case.

Okay. Because some people do.

I do suspect BPD gave short shrift to any notion of a connection to JBR .. as in today's hindsight we know at that time BPD primarily was focused on the Rs.

And in both cases, they seem to have had good reason. That's the part some people just don't seem to get.
 
  • #777
Like you, I was pretty excited when I found this report too. But RDI quickly dampened this down with their "it was probably her boyfriend" or 'it was a JBR copy-cat" or "she was older". Makes you wonder doesn't it?

Heck, I'm a glutton for punishment. Wonder about what, Murri?

Peterson apparently with Lou Smit did some investigation and had some interesting things to say about it and about Boulder at that time. #
www.rwpeterson.com/articles/rancho_santa_fe_review.pdf

Two peas in a pod.
 
  • #778
The DNA under JB's fingernails has to be regarded as contaminated because it was KNOWN that the coroner used the same unsterile nail clippers on all her fingers when protocol requires a clean, sterile pair for EACH finger. Not only that, there was a possibility that the clippers had been used on previous bodies in the morgue and not been sterilized in between use. I cannot imagine why the LE present at the autopsy, and the other medical examiner who was there did not question this AT THE TIME and insist on proper procedure, but Arndt was the one who violated procedure right at the beginning, allowing people who did not belong in the house to remain there and allowing ANYONE to roam around an unsecured active crime scene. So it doesn't surprise me (although it saddens me) that the coroner was allowed to proceed with improper techniques.

As far as her brain weight- all coroners are supposed to remove and weigh certain organs separately- the brain among them. There were others present at the autopsy and it hasn't been mentioned that this was not done, but in the report that was released to the public the weight of the separate organs was not listed. As the others present did not stop the coroner from improper use of the nail clippers, it wouldn't surprise me if they did not question not weighing her brain and other organs either.
Her brain was described as having mild swelling and narrowing of the sulci and gyri, which is all that is mentioned about it in the report that was released to the public. There may be more to the report than that, including the coroner's thoughts on what may have caused her injuries.
It is frustrating that the written report is (deliberately?) vague on certain things, like TOD (although we know why- because Mayer didn't perform either a liver stab or testing of the vitreous matter in the eyeball, two important steps in determining TOD) and he didn't try to determine exactly what the parallel "abrasions" on her cheek and back actually were. It would have been easy to test them to see if they WERE cigarette or stun gun burns, or if something had pressed against her. Once JB 's remains were released to her family and she was buried, there was never going to be a way to go back and check, as the family would never allow an exhumation and the DA was too spineless to get a warrant for it. The coroner's refusal to keep JB a bit longer was seen as an extortion attempt by LE, when doing so could have allowed further examination and answers to questions that had not been addressed (like the round abrasions).
Dr. Wecht had access to information that the public (that means us) did not have. This included all autopsy photos and probably the more technical reports on toxicology and organ weight.
 
  • #779
Hi. deedee,

bbm

The DNA under JB's fingernails has to be regarded as contaminated because it was KNOWN that the coroner used the same unsterile nail clippers on all her fingers when protocol requires a clean, sterile pair for EACH finger. Not only that, there was a possibility that the clippers had been used on previous bodies in the morgue and not been sterilized in between use. I cannot imagine why the LE present at the autopsy, and the other medical examiner who was there did not question this AT THE TIME and insist on proper procedure, but Arndt was the one who violated procedure right at the beginning, allowing people who did not belong in the house to remain there and allowing ANYONE to roam around an unsecured active crime scene. So it doesn't surprise me (although it saddens me) that the coroner was allowed to proceed with improper techniques.

/// snippage ///

We still have DNA from the waistband or other area(s) of certain clothing.

Also .. is everyone absolutely positive the publicly-released autopsy contains nothing but 'true' information? LE tactics include attempts to trip up a perp, allow them to feel unpressured and 'comfortable' they that (LE) has bad or no evidence, etc. Just a thought.
 
  • #780
Hi. deedee,

bbm



We still have DNA from the waistband or other area(s) of certain clothing.

Also .. is everyone absolutely positive the publicly-released autopsy contains nothing but 'true' information? LE tactics include attempts to trip up a perp, allow them to feel unpressured and 'comfortable' they that (LE) has bad or no evidence, etc. Just a thought.

LE may be able to use those tactic in interviewing suspects, but they cannot alter or falsify an autopsy report.
However, CORONERS have been known to falsify reports under pressure from certain quarters. I an not suggesting that was done in JB's case, but I have always wondered why the report was vague about some important things. (TOD, what caused her vaginal injuries, whether the round red abrasions were burns, etc).
For an interesting read on this matter, try Thomas Noguchi's book "Coroner". He was he LA county coroner for years and performed autopsies on many famous people. One that sticks in my mind was his chapter on Marilyn Monroe. As we all know, she was involved in affairs with both JFK and RFK, and was threatening to make her diary public because she felt she was being brushed off. She really expected to marry one of the Kennedy brothers.
Her death was ruled a suicide- an overdose of prescription pills, the empty bottle found in her bedroom, where her body was found. Yet- NO evidence was found in her stomach of the GELATIN capsules that contained the drug, although the drug was found in her bloodstream. Dr. Noguchi stated that the remnants of the capsules should have been in her stomach at the time of the autopsy, yet there were none at all. Kennedy friend and in-law Peter Lawford was known to have visited her hours before her death, along with a doctor, and Dr. Noguchi reported a tiny bruise and fresh needle mark was found on her buttocks. Conclusion- he didn't spell it out, but the implication that she was INJECTED with that drug in sufficient quantity to cause her death and had not actually swallowed it is pretty clear. The pills would then, of course, have been removed from the bottle, leaving the empty "evidence" behind. After stating ALL of this his conclusion, offered at the end of the chapter- was suicide. Yet he admitted not knowing why the gelatin capsules were not present nor what would have been injected into her. I was so disgusted reading that chapter- it was so obvious what had happened.
 

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