A wide consensus has emerged on the
excessive length and complexity of jury instructions and on a desire that model instructions be developed and formalized in order to
reduce the numerous pitfalls that can lead to orders for a new trial.
The Supreme Court of Canada recently restated the required elements of a trial judge's final charge to the jury in
Daley,49 in which the Supreme Court assessed the accuracy and adequacy of the trial judge's instructions on the defence of voluntary intoxication:
- "(1) instruction on the relevant legal issues, including the charges faced by the accused;
- (2) an explanation of the theories of each side;
- (3) a review of the salient facts which support the theories and case of each side;
- (4) a review of the evidence relating to the law;
- (5) a direction informing the jury they are the masters of the facts and it is for them to make the factual determinations;
- (6) instruction about the burden of proof and presumption of innocence;
- (7) the possible verdicts open to the jury; and
- (8) the requirements of unanimity for reaching a verdict."