UK - Nurse Lucy Letby Faces 22 Charges - 7 Murder/15 Attempted Murder of Babies #12

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  • #401
12:26pm

Dr Jayaram says it is significant, when talking through the medical notes he had written retrospectively, the mother had a 'spontaneous rupture of membranes' 48 hours before birth, as that could lead to a risk of infection.
He said it was relevant there were 'no fevers' recorded.
The medical notes record Child K was 'initially dusky, floppy, no respiratory effort'. Dr Jayaram said that was significant and in this situation, a pathway is followed including 'inflation breaths', which stimulates the baby's first gasps.
He says it is like blowing a balloon up for the first time - the lungs are difficult to inflate for the first time as they are filled with fluid.
The inflation breaths are completed after two cycles, and Dr Jayaram says the chest is then seen to be moving up and down.
The heart rate is then above 100 beats per minute, recorded two and a half minutes after birth.
Gasps are recorded after three minutes. Dr Jayaram said Child K would have initially been 'a little stunned', but the gasps are what the medical staff are looking for.
Oxygen saturation levels of 'above 85%' at six minutes are 'satisfactory'.

12:28pm

The initial intubation process is discussed.
Dr Jayaram says it can be difficult and risky, and it is important the oxygen saturation levels are high before starting the procedure.
A doctor has 30 seconds to attempt the intubation procedure. The court hears the intubation was done on the third attempt, with a smaller, size 2, ET tube.
He says, "ideally", a 2.5 ET tube would be used, but in these circumstances a size 2 tube was sufficient.

What does it mean that a doctor has 30 seconds to attempt an intubation procedure? What happens after 30 seconds have elapsed? Do you have to hand it over to a more senior doctor to do or does it mean that you then abandon the procedure and put in a tracheotomy instead (if that’s what cutting hole in throat is called?)
 
  • #402
I think the fact that she wasn't reintubated at that time, if there was a 94% leak and only 6% oxygen was getting through, and another chart shows sats of 94%, shows it was a recording error. That's why the doctor said he didn't understand it. IMO
It is not that the baby was only getting 6% of the oxygen, just that a lot of the pressure from the ventilator was being lost around the breathing tube.
I am curious about the leakage. On our ventilators, we don't get a percentage of leak unless they are on CPAP (and then it's in the neighborhood of 90%) but you can tell a leak on an intubated baby by watching tidal volume in and tidal volume out and seeing how big the difference is. A 2.0 tube is pretty tiny even for a 25 weeker, so a large leak is plausible to me, just from the size of the tube. Like sapphireminds mentioned, a leak can also mean displacement. A very large leak might lead to reduced chest movement. It's reasonable to me that they would replace the breathing tube with something larger if the tube was displaced or getting adequate air movement was a problem. a leak, 94% or otherwise, does not mean a reduced oxygen concentration - it means reduced pressure. JMO.
Exactly this. Interesting you don't get leak on your vents - what brand are you used to?
12:48pm

Dr Jayaram says he was aware Joanne Williams was going to the labour ward to update the parents on Child K.
He said he was sitting at a desk around the corner from the entrance to nursery room 1. He says he was writing in notes, or waiting for the transfer team to come back.
He said he had been told Lucy Letby would be 'babysitting' at the time.
He says, at this point, in February, he was aware of 'unexpected/unusual events' and that Lucy Letby had been present.
He said: "I felt extremely uncomfortable [with Lucy Letby being there alone in the room with Child K]
"You can call me hysterical, completely irrational, but because of this association...
"This thought kept coming into my head. After two, two and a half minutes...I went to prove to myself that I was being ridiculous and irrational and got up.
"I think it was 2.5, 3 minutes after Jo had gone to the labour ward.
"I had not been called to review Child K, I had not been called because alarms had gone off - I would have heard an alarm. I got up and walked through to see [Child K]."
Dr Jayaram entered.
"I saw Lucy Letby standing by the incubator. I saw her, and looked up at the monitor, and K's saturations were dropping, in the 80s and continued to drop. The ventilator was not giving out an alarm.
"I recall looking up and saying 'what's going on?' and Lucy said something along the lines of 'She's having a desaturation'."
Asked what Letby was doing, Dr Jayaram replied: "Nothing."
He says Letby didn't say anything to Dr Jayaram until he had walked over and he had asked her what was going on.


If the sats were in the 80s when he came by, that is barely a desat for a baby. I would not have expected anyone to raise an alarm yet - that's still in the phase of assessing what is going on, then you would give a boost of oxygen/position the head before calling for help usually, IMO
12:51pm

Dr Jayaram said he was looking at Child K. He disconnected the ventilator from the ET Tube and he tried to give breaths via the ET Tube, but Child K's chest was not moving.
He said he switched into 'professional mode' to resolve the situation, and it 'didnt make sense why the tube was dislodged'
He said he removed the tube - which wasn't blocked - and put a face mask to ventilate Child K. As soon as that was done, Child K's chest went up and down, without too much difficulty.
He says he does not remember anything else Lucy Letby said. He says he was probably telling her to bring equipment.

Interesting that he pulled the tube just after not seeing chest rise. Usually we would use a CO2 detector before pulling the tube (or have a HR that was not recovering) Sometimes they need more pressure than anticipated. It's one of the only things I don't like about neopuffs - people can forget to go up on the PIP if needed, especially if they are used to real bags.

Leaks can also be positional, because of that angled ending to the breathing tube.

What does it mean that a doctor has 30 seconds to attempt an intubation procedure? What happens after 30 seconds have elapsed? Do you have to hand it over to a more senior doctor to do or does it mean that you then abandon the procedure and put in a tracheotomy instead (if that’s what cutting hole in throat is called?)

It means that's the amount of time we're allowed to take to futz around trying to get the tube in before the attempt is considered a failure. Once it is a failure, you bag the baby again to get their sats up and try again. Especially with a child this side, their airway is very anterior and usually needs pressure on the neck to bring it into view.

Edited to add: an emergency trach is an absolutely last resort that I've only seen attempted once and it was a miserable failure. Ideally, you have no more than 2 attempts to get the ETT in place, then someone more senior comes in. If no one more senior is available, you call for help from your regional center and bag the baby until help arrives. Bad thing is to keep trying. I got called to an outside hospital once that had attempted eight times to intubate before they called us. We had to go so fast, lights and sirens, trying to get there before the baby's airway swelled shut entirely. Our hospital told them firmly to stop attempting, bag mask the baby and wait for me to arrive. So they bagged the baby for about 30 min as we raced there, telling them to get stat anti -inflammatories (dexamethasone) into the baby to try and keep the airway open.
 
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  • #403
This thread has got quite fraught recently when we had all been posting without incident for so very long. Everyone values a differing of opinions as it’s a discussion BUT the now regular it seems intervention of the mods will close this thread if we are not careful.
That would be a shame.
Rant over.
I’m scrolling and rolling… :oops:
 
  • #404
What does it mean that a doctor has 30 seconds to attempt an intubation procedure? What happens after 30 seconds have elapsed? Do you have to hand it over to a more senior doctor to do or does it mean that you then abandon the procedure and put in a tracheotomy instead (if that’s what cutting hole in throat is called?)
I believe it means that after about 30 seconds you stop, bag (neopuff) to stabilise the baby's heart rate & O2 level, then attempt again. This is perfectly normal in neonatal intubation IMO as it's very tricky even for an experienced doctor. Using a neopuff is extremely effective so it's not a desperate situation.
I've never heard of a tracheotomy being used for a pre-term neonate.
 
  • #405
Following the thread for child k is interesting but not sure what to think.

do have some questions for child m though. Here’s a quote from an article that has information I haven’t seen before ad am wondering if anyone else has seen other information to verify it or is it just this article?

“Letby was near the doorway of room one, helping a colleague prepare medication for Child M’s twin brother, when the alarm sounded at 4pm, the court heard on Thursday.”

 
  • #406
Following the thread for child k is interesting but not sure what to think.

do have some questions for child m though. Here’s a quote from an article that has information I haven’t seen before ad am wondering if anyone else has seen other information to verify it or is it just this article?

“Letby was near the doorway of room one, helping a colleague prepare medication for Child M’s twin brother, when the alarm sounded at 4pm, the court heard on Thursday.”

I believe that's why they came up with the theory that it was a slow infusion of air, because that is the only way it could fit with the timeline.
 
  • #407
I believe that's why they came up with the theory that it was a slow infusion of air, because that is the only way it could fit with the timeline.
It would seem to me that the prosecution are alleging ll administered the AE quite literally behind the back of mg who was the dn. that scenario has its issues in my mind at least. I am wondering exa how log it might take for someone to do that as alleged. It didn’t sound so simple to do as the others.

we also have this account that ll was helping the other nurse prepare meds immediately before the Collapse, wondering how long she was doing that and we also have mg not stating she saw or noticed ll tending to baby m in the five minutes before the collapse. If that works out it’s seemingly impossible for ll to have done as alleged.

would a air embolism really not cause any discomfort before being of affect? I just find all this information very strange.

this seems to be the first case where we have accounts of exactly what was going on in the unit or around the baby in question. Eye witnesses to everything surrounding the event and med notes as well.
 
  • #408
Dr Jayaram's testimony this morning was quite dramatic, with him talking about his suspicions that LL had done something untoward at the time. It will be interesting to hear what he did about it afterwards. IMO
 
  • #409
2:01pm

Prosecutor Philip Astbury is continuing to ask Dr Ravi Jayaram questions.

2:10pm

The court is shown Dr Jayaram's notes, plus writing by someone else at 5.40am recording a vial of Curosurf given.
Notes by Dr Jayaram are written retrospectively at 7.50am. He recorded at 6.15am, Child K 'began to have lower sats'.
He says the blood gas record from that point suggested the cause of that 6.15am deterioration was an issue with ventilation. He tells the court low blood pressure is also recorded.
Saline is administered but the blood pressure remained low.
The ET tube was pulled back but saturations remained low, so the ET Tube was removed. Child K's oxygen saturation levels improved in response to bagging.
The blood pressure dropped again at 7.25am. The saturations and heart rate dropped.
Child K was taken off the ventilator and Neopuff was administered.
Cardiac compressions were started as it was 'not sure enough blood was being pumped around the body' - Child K had not gone into cardiac arrest, but the heart rate had gone under 100 beats per minute.
The ET Tube "wasn't working", as it had 'gone in further' than it should have gone, the court hears.
Child K was recorded as 'now stable'.

2:13pm

Dr Jayaram says he had observed a chest x-ray for Child K showing the ET Tube was in the right place.
The transport team was estimated to arrive at 8.30am, and they led on treatment from later in the morning, the court hears.

2:16pm

Dr Jayaram says using the smaller, size 2 ET Tube, is not a problem as long as the baby was being ventilated.
He says a leak is recorded, and in itself is not of any clinical significance even if it is high, as it is important to ventilate the baby.
Dr Jayaram says the size of the ET Tube has no impact on the likelihood of it being dislodged.

2:18pm

Dr Jayaram says he was "happy" with the original intubation and "happy" they were adequately ventilating Child K.
He tells the court they would do investigations (such as x-rays) if they thought there was something they would need to change in management.
He says at the time Joanne Williams left the nursery room, there were no concerns of any potential deterioration for Child K.

 
  • #410
Exactly this. Interesting you don't get leak on your vents - what brand are you used to?

Maquet Servo-I. When we're using them for NIPPV or CPAP we get leakage displayed by percentage but not for SIMV PC/PS or SIMV PRVC. You just have to eyeball it off the difference between Vti and Vte. It may be that we can get leakage displayed and it's just not programmed, but respiratory does most of the setting and I am only allowed to read the display and touch the FiO2, lol.
 
  • #411
2:20pm

He tells the court: "You wouldn't not have expected" Child K's lungs to have deteriorated to the extent shown in the few minutes Joanne Williams was away from the nursery room.
He says his thought processes for going into the room, when Lucy Letby was present, were only to prove to himself that everything was ok.

[my note - CROSS-EXAMINATION]

2:26pm

Mr Myers says Dr Jayaram was worried about being irrational at the time.
Dr Jayaram said he was concerned and didn't want to see Child K in a different condition. They were not based on a clinical reason, or if Child K had any underlying conditions.
Mr Myers said he believed, from Dr Jayaram's interview with police, the suspicious behaviour had been deliberate.
Dr Jayaram: "That had crossed my mind, yes."
Mr Myers: "You 'got her', then?"
Dr Jayaram: "No."
Dr Jayaram said he wanted this investigated objectively in a proper way, and there was "absolutely no evidence that we could prove anything - as that is not our job, we are doctors."
Mr Myers said he had told the police if the tube had been dislodged on purpose. He asks if he had confronted Lucy Letby.
"No, absolutely not." Dr Jayaram said he was focused on the situation.
Mr Myers says it did not happen in the way Dr Jayaram describes.
Dr Jayaram: "I am interested in why you say that."
Mr Myers says it is not documented in medical notes.
Dr Jayaram says that would not be the sort noted in medical documentation.
Mr Myers says there is nothing to say the tube is dislodged.
Dr Jayaram says it is obvious from the medical notes.

2:30pm

He says, in isolation, the incidents were unusual, and more concerning in a pattern of behaviour.
He said: "We, as a group of consultants by this stage, had experience of an unusual event, and there was one particular nurse.
"All of these events were unusual. Yes, if we put in Datix [incident forms] we could have investigated sooner and been here [in court] sooner."
He said he, and his other consultants, wanted to know how this could be investigated, and tried their best to escalate concerns higher up the hospital.
Mr Myers says there is no record anywhere of the suspicious behaviour noted.
Dr Jayaram says he did not anticipate being sat in a courtroom, years down the line, speaking to Mr Myers.
"If you feel someone is deliberately harming [children], you would do so, wouldn't you?"
Dr Jayaram said concerns had been raised before February 2016, and were raised again following this incident.
Mr Myers says Lucy Letby continued to work at the unit for a further four months.

2:34pm

Dr Jayaram says the concerns were first raised in autumn 2015 with senior management, but were told that there was likely nothing going on.
He said the consultants went 'ok', and against their better judgment, carried on.
"We were stuck, as we had concerns.
"In retrospect, we wished we had bypassed them [senior management] and contacted the police."
"We by no means had played judge and jury, but the association was becoming clearer and clearer.
"This is an unprecedented situation for us - we play by a certain rulebook, and you don't start from a position of deliberate harm.
"It is very easy to see things that aren't there - in confirmation bias.
"But these episodes were becoming more and more and more frequent by associaiton."
Dr Jayaram said it should have been documented throughout more.
He says he discussed the incident, but did not formally document it.
Dr Jayaram said he was getting "a reasonable amount of pressure from senior management not to make a fuss".

 
  • #412
2:36pm

Dr Jayaram says he does not understand why an alarm did not go off, and why a call for help had not gone out when Child K was desaturating.
He said, in relation to the suspicions, he "did not want to believe it".
He said it "took a long time for police to be involved".

2:39pm

Dr Jayaram says the tube is 'very unlikely' to have been dislodged by a 25-week gestational age infant, in that short timeframe.
He says that can happen when a baby is 'very vigorous' - heavier, stronger babies, or when a baby is being handled or receiving cares.
Mr Myers said it was still possible for the tube to be dislodged by Child K.
Dr Jayaram says 'anything is possible', but Child K was 'not a very active baby', and a baby of this weight, size and age meant that was unlikely.

 
  • #413
2:42pm

Dr Jayaram said the receiving consultant would not have assumed the tube had been dislodged by anyone else.
Mr Myers says the alarm on the ventilator was not alarming, according to Dr Jayaram.
Dr Jayaram says he had not got up because the alarm was going off. He said if it was, he would have been prompted to go in, and that would have been his reason for going in the nursery room.
Mr Myers asks if a conversation took place with Ms Williams after the desaturation.
Dr Jayaram says he does not recall the conversation. He says: "Why would I ask her what happened in the room when she wasn't there?"

 
  • #414
2:39pm

Dr Jayaram says the tube is 'very unlikely' to have been dislodged by a 25-week gestational age infant, in that short timeframe.
He says that can happen when a baby is 'very vigorous' - heavier, stronger babies, or when a baby is being handled or receiving cares.
Mr Myers said it was still possible for the tube to be dislodged by Child K.
Dr Jayaram says 'anything is possible', but Child K was 'not a very active baby', and a baby of this weight, size and age meant that was unlikely.


The DN earlier said baby was active when she left and also had moments of being active in general.

Does anyone know how the tube theoretically could have slipped down 2cm the second time if not due to activity from K?
 
  • #415
2:48pm

The court is shown swipe data for Joanne Williams, who left the neonatal unit at 3.47am.
Mr Myers says it is very precise in coinciding with Dr Jayaram's recollection of waiting two-three minutes before the desaturation is timed at 3.50am, and asks if Dr Jayaram always has such a precise memory.
Dr Jayaram says "In this event, I did."
He adds: "I kept telling myself, don't be ridiculous [about my suspicions]. I looked at my watch - I didn't have a stopwatch."
Dr Jayaram says he has never seen the swipe data, nor had cause to look at any data.
Dr Jayaram says it would be appreciated if Mr Myers gave an indication of where he was going with his questioning.
Mr Myers says an earlier police interview had Dr Jayaram not giving a precise estimate how long Joanne Williams had been out, but is able to give a more precise estimate now, several years later.
Dr Jayaram says he has had more time to reflect on this incident.
Dr Jayaram: "The point is, this incident happened in the window when she [Joanne Williams] was out."
He tells the court the incident of this night is "emblazoned" in his mind.

2:54pm

Dr Jayaram adds he "refutes" the allegation the care the hospital team provided contributed to the outcome of Child K.
Mr Myers asks if the focus on this incident was to "distract" from the overall care provided by the medical team to Child K.
Dr Jayaram: "Well, that's an easy one to answer: Absolutely not."
"Are you seeking to bolster suspicion against Lucy Letby?"
"Absolutely not."
Mr Myers asks if there was an opportunity, within the 48 hours before Child K's mother gave birth, to transfer her to a tertiary centre. Dr Jayaram says he does not have that decision to make, and cannot answer that, but adds there were many factors to consider.

 
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  • #416
2:57pm

Dr Jayaram is asked about the intubation process.
Mr Myers says the process was carried out by a 'relatively junior registrar', Dr James Smith. Dr Jayaram said Dr Smith had been assessed as competent and experienced enough, and it was 'standard practice' to carry out these procedures.
"I could see he could do this, and safely."
He adds if Child K was struggling to be ventilated at the time, and the heart rate and saturations were not being maintained, then he would have taken over.

3:00pm

Mr Myers asks about the high air leak.
Dr Jayaram says the 94% leak is a measured value, and is significant is the baby is struggling to be ventilated; but if the baby is being ventilated, then it is just noted.
Mr Myers says lung surfactant should be administered within five minutes of intubation. Dr Jayaram: "Ideally, yes."
He says it is used to improve gas exchange.
If it is given slightly later than expected, it would "not make much difference in the long run", as it is important the baby is receiving ventilation at the time.

 
  • #417
3:07pm

Mr Myers asks why only Dr Jayaram and not Dr James Smith made notes. Dr Jayaram says he does not know why that was the case.
Dr Jayaram's medical notes are shown to the court, and the medicines are highlighted. Mr Myers says it appears the antibiotics have been delivered at the right time.

3:10pm

A prescription chart is shown for one of the medicines, 'time given 0445'. Dr Jayaram agrees it appears it was administered at that time, and should have been administered sooner.
He says the late administration of the antibiotics is important, the vitamin K not so.
Mr Myers says he will next talk about the morphine infusion.

 
  • #418
I'm getting lost here, can anyone explain?

Dr J states "I think it was 2.5, 3 minutes after Jo had gone to the labour ward"

Then states he "cannot recall how long Joanne Williams had been away..."

Then the nurse states Dr J spoke to him after, he then states this did not happen.

I'm lost haha

Edited to add quotes
 
  • #419
3:28pm

Dr Jayaram is asked about the morphine infusion recorded, which appears on the notes above a note added, timed at 3.50am.
Dr Jayaram says, having seen the prescription chart, the morphine infusion would not have happened before the desaturation.
Mr Myers said Dr Jayaram had told police Child K had been sedated with morphine. Dr Jayaram said that was what he had believed at the time.
Dr Jayaram says Child K was not on a morphine infusion prior to the desaturation. "However", she was not a vigorous baby.
He says, in retrospect, he will accept the morphine was not running prior to the desaturation.
He says he is "surprised" it was not running sooner.
He says he believed, "in good faith", the morphine was running at the time.
Mr Myers: "Have you tried to shift your evidence? That you can't blame it on morphine?"
Dr Jayaram: "Even accounting for the fact she was not on morphine, she was a 25-week gestational age", small, and weighing 600g and was stable - 'poorly, but stable'. He says that the dislodging happened in such a short space of time was "concerning".
He says Child K was able to move her arms and legs, but not enough to dislodge a tube.
He says his previous statement was based on a "genuine misunderstanding based on my notes".
He says he does not accept he made a "deliberate error".

3:30pm

Dr Jayaram says he is not aware of a nursing note recording 'blood-stained oral secretions'.
The nursing note by Joanne Williams which refers to this is shown to the court.
Dr Jayaram says that is in the back of Child K's mouth, not in the tube, and is not clinically relevant. It was "not a significant finding".
He says he would have noted if the tube had been blocked, and he would have noted it.

 
  • #420
Is it just me or is Mr Myers being very rude to Dr J ?

I was actually wondering last week if Dr J was the one behind the screen when LL cried and walked away as I thought he was coming in for baby K , guess not , that was definitely a registrar at the time then.
 
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