ohiogirl
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They are organisms that live in water. Individual bodies of water have unique "diatom" signature, so the testing is really, really useful when you're trying to determine which body of water a person drowned in... Like if a body is found in a pool, but the diatoms in the pool don't match the diatoms found in the body... Then you know they really drowned somewhere else and were placed in the pool as staging.
ETA: that was a very simplistic overview... For more in depth try this... http://www.svazi.com/v1/forensic/diat_use_in_for.htm
And these would show up once a body is decomposed to the extent that there is no tissue?
There were only bones to analyze, iirc.