Public lands include:Look at a map. Not to be flippant. public lands are state parks, US parks, city parks and some BLM lands. (Not all parks are publicly owned though. Some are private.) There is very little public land in comparison to privately owned.
All BLM land is public land. It can be leased for agriculture, ranching, and logging, but it remains public land and must be accessible by the public. Lease holders, however, can block access at some points via locked gates with permission by BLM officials. So... being accessible by the public may not always mean conveniently accessible. Likewise, government officials can close it.
Other public lands include National Forests and State Forests, National Monuments etc. These too can be leased, but must remain accessible to the public so long as logging, ranching etc. is not interfered with.
Official USGS topographic maps are a good way to determine what lands are public, and which are private. As for deserts..... vast areas of deserts are public property. For example, most of Nevada is public property in one form or another. Military bases, however, are restricted. Other vast desert areas, however, are privately owned.
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