We were speaking of college admissions, Pal, and, yes, they do ask about background. Students are usually required to write some sort of essay on the subject.
You are correct, of course, that African American middle- and upper-class students don't face the same disadvantages as lower-class students. But race isn't usually a sole qualifier, it's just one factor among many that are considered, and should be considered only in conjunction with other aspects. But everyone goes nuts at the mention of race as a qualifer, as if colleges don't also consider things like alumni relatives, athletic ability and the willingness of parents to make donations.