BBM had to look this up:
"
C. The Waller Test
In 1984, the U.S. Supreme Court held that the broad
courtroom closure of a seven-day suppression hearing during a
criminal trial was unconstitutional. 37 Waller v. Georgia synthesized
prior holdings to provide a clear rule for all alleged First and Sixth
Amendment public trial violations. 38 Writing for the majority in
Waller v. Georgia, Justice Powell outlined the current four-part test. 39
He held that
the party seeking to close the hearing must [1] advance
an overriding interest that is likely to be prejudiced,
[2] the closure must be no broader than necessary to
protect that interest, [3] the trial court must consider
reasonable alternatives to closing the proceeding, and
[4] it must make findings adequate to support the
closure. 40
The Court held that a violation of the public trial guarantee does
not necessarily require a new trial. 41 “Rather, the remedy should be
appropriate to the violation.”
42 The Court reasoned that automatic
reversal would give defendants unfair windfalls that would not be in
the public interest, 43 but reiterated that
the defendant does not
need to show actual harm. 44..."
http://web.wmitchell.edu/law-review/wp-content/uploads/Volume40/documents/7.Cronen.pdf