I'd like to add just a bit to this, focusing more on the intraoperative/ postoperative situation, because we look at bleeding a lot differently in the OR, and immediate postoperative period, than the rest of the hospital.
We have absolutely no way to know the urgency with which these unit of blood were given. For example, were they running units in on a Level One (or similar brand) rapid infuser? Or were the units called for from blood bank consecutively? At what time, relative to the admission time to PICU were the transfusions given-- minutes, or hours? Was crossmatched blood given, or uncrossmatched (indicating how much time elapsed in the decision making process up on the unit-- was it truly life and death hemorrhage, or over more time?) How fast did the nurses run the units-- over minutes, or an hour each unit (more standard amount of time in non-emergent tranfusions).
At this point, we don't have any way of knowing the timeline of when the transfusions were given, because the bits of information come from second and third hand comments. Omari Sealey was not present-- he was out of the country, and the mom, NW, had a vasovagal reaction (passed out) and was removed from the area for treatment. The grandmother apparently was not present the whole time, either.
Clearly a physician (or more than one) was present and giving orders, or Jahi would not have been receiving blood. In a post op case such as this, it is unlikely that there would have been standing orders for transfusion.
The bigger questions I have, is "which" physicians were aware of the bleeding? Was it only the intensivist/s? Was ENT aware? Was ENT present? What else was being done to control the hemorrhage? Was emergent return to OR considered? If so, why was it abandoned? Etc.
Return to the OR is the "gold standard" for post tonsillectomy hemorrhage. It is probably likely that the tonsillar fossa was the bleed site, not necessarily the UPPP suture lines. And while a bleed from the turbinate procedures could be impressive in the face of a bleeding disorder, the most likely source was the tonsillectomy site. The entire area is fed by 5 branches of the carotid, so bleeding can be brisk and impressive.
A few math calculations:
Blood volume is calculated cc per kg of body weight. Jahi appeared to be quite overweight, but not very tall (wedding picture with others next to her). She also appears to me to not be fully into adolescence (meaning as a child she has slightly higher blood volume per cc body wt).
I would calculate her estimated blood volume at 80cc/ kg. If her body weight was 150- 160 lbs (conservative), then her body weight in kg was about 70. That gives her an estimated total blood volume of about 5.6 liters (5600cc). Four units of packed cells is about 1000cc total volume. You don't replace blood loss cc for cc (meaning you don't give 1cc packed cells for every 1cc lost). Rather, we will look at blood pressure, ongoing hemorrhage, emergency coags and hgb levels, etc. 1000cc is approximately 20% of her total blood volume. We can also assume she lost some in surgery, maybe 500cc or so if the docs were pretty dry surgeons-- we don't know what happened in the OR.
The uncle (who was not there in the ICU, and is giving a layperson's interpretation) states they suctioned 2000cc out of either her airway, or stomach, or both. That may, or may not have all been blood-- we don't know. We don't really know what her actual total blood loss was, but we can make an educated guess based on what info has been given to the public.
Presumably, her fluid hydration status immediately postop, and BP, were OK before the hemorrhage episode, according to reports that she was sitting up, talking, popsicle, etc. So my very rough estimates, from what we can piece together, is that she may have had a 25-30% estimated blood loss in the acute hemorrhage episode, or possibly much more, depending on unknown factors (which are certainly in the medical record).
The other question I have is when did she arrest, relative to the acute hemorrhage, and transfusions. Did it happen so fast they couldn't retrun to the OR? Were there no OR's, or not enough staff available? They are a level one trauma center, so they have a crew and an OR ready all the time-- but was it in use? What time of day was all this going on? Did she have any evidence of bleeding disorder? Etc. So many questions....that I will probably never get an answer to!