Without getting too technical:
1. A mobile phone will search for the cell tower that is sending the strongest signal to the phone and connect to it, in most cases.
2. Generally this will be the nearest cell tower to the phones location.
3. The phone can also identify the additional cell towers where the signal is not as strong.....it may lock onto these in some circumstances.
4. Cell towers are numerous in densely populated areas (a few streets) and much further apart (often many miles) in rural areas.
5. By using triangulation with cell towers and taking into account the strength of the signal received from the phone, it is possible to identify the area in which the phone was located, using historic cell site analysis.
6. The the scale of the area identified is very much dependent on how close the cell towers are to each other. Cities can locate to a few streets. Urban areas could be an area of many miles.
Smart phones GPS and location tracking can also be used to locate a phone or identify where it was, much more accurately, before being switched off.
I have read that CL did not have a smart phone but an old style phone so quite possibly no GPS capability.