Agree. In the hearing it was mentioned that BARD was used for GJ indictment before 1920. They also mentioned 1980 for BARD being used. Since then it has been probable cause as the threshold for indictment. I'd like to know more about what happened in 1920 and 1980.
I don't believe JL was repeating Bistline in this argument. JL did talk a little about presentment and I think some of the arguments in the closed hearing might be related. Bistline only touches on probable cause. Bistline did attach the State Statutes to the dissent, but there is no discussion of the Field Code relating to GJ threshold nor Title 19 relating to the GJ warranting a conviction, that I can find. MOO
Also found it interesting that in State v. Edmonson the prosecutor instructed BARD. Which might be why there wasn't much discussion on the issue of probable cause?
From the majority opinion:
Further, without even considering the evidence used to find probable cause, we note that the prosecutor directed the grand jury that it should not indict unless all the elements of an alleged crime are proven beyond a reasonable doubt.
We do not differ as my opinion is still evolving (just now discovered Field Code and the history behind it).
Maybe the GJ purpose should just be a citizen check on LE and the Judge (probable cause arrest and finding) or maybe the GJ should be more than just a check? Elevating the requirement higher than probable cause might do what the FIeld Code was trying to do - fix the problems with the GJ system. Elevating the threshold could address: "you can indict a ham sandwich", wrongful conviction trajectory, abuse of the GJ system, and prosecutorial advantage. Just some thoughts. Still reading everyone's opinions.
All JMO
During the last hearing, the Judge did say:
"The law doesn't sit still, it evolves."