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Home > Learn About Muscle Diseases > Mitochondrial Myopathies > Diagnosis
None of the hallmark symptoms of mitochondrial disease — muscle weakness, exercise intolerance, hearing impairment, ataxia, seizures, learning disabilities, cataracts, heart defects, diabetes and stunted growth — are unique to mitochondrial disease. However, a combination of three or more of these symptoms in one person strongly points to mitochondrial disease, especially when the symptoms involve more than one organ system.
To evaluate the extent of these symptoms, a physician usually begins by taking the patient’s personal medical history, and then proceeds with physical and neurological exams. At the bottom of this page is a chart that explains in detail these tests and what they are expected to show.
Diagnostic tests in mitochondrial diseases
The physical exam typically includes tests of strength and endurance, such as an exercise test, which can involve activities like repeatedly making a fist, or climbing up and down a small flight of stairs. The neurological exam can include tests of reflexes, vision, speech and basic cognitive (thinking) skills.
Depending on information found during the medical history and exams, the physician might proceed with more specialized tests that can detect abnormalities in muscles, brain and other organs.
The most important of these tests is the muscle biopsy [1], which involves removing a small sample of muscle tissue to examine. When treated with a dye that stains mitochondria red, muscles affected by mitochondrial disease often show ragged red fibers — muscle cells (fibers) that have excessive mitochondria. Other stains can detect the absence of essential mitochondrial enzymes in the muscle. It’s also possible to extract mitochondrial proteins from the muscle and measure their activity.
In addition to the muscle biopsy, noninvasive techniques can be used to examine muscle without taking a tissue sample. For instance, a technique called muscle phosphorus magnetic resonance spectroscopy (MRS) can measure levels of phosphocreatine and ATP (compounds that are often depleted in muscles affected by mitochondrial disease).
CT scans and MRI scans can be used to visually inspect the brain for signs of damage, and surface electrodes placed on the scalp can be used to produce a record of the brain’s activity called an electroencephalogram (EEG).
Similar techniques might be used to examine the functions of other organs and tissues in the body. For example, an electrocardiogram (EKG) can monitor the heart’s activity, and a blood test can detect signs of kidney malfunction.
Finally, a genetic test can determine whether someone has a genetic mutation that causes mitochondrial disease. Ideally, the test is done using genetic material extracted from blood or from a muscle biopsy. It’s important to realize that, although a positive test result can confirm diagnosis, a negative test result isn’t necessarily meaningful.
Diagnostic Tests in Mitochondrial Diseases
Type Test What it shows
Family history Clinical exam or oral history of family members Can sometimes indicate inheritance pattern by noting “soft signs” in unaffected relatives. These include deafness, short stature, migraine headaches and PEO.
Muscle biopsy
1. Histochemistry
2. Immunohistochemistry
3. Biochemistry
4. Electron microscopy
1. Detects abnormal proliferation of mitochondria and deficiencies in cytochrome c oxidase (COX, which is complex IV in the electron transport chain).
2. Detects presence or absence of specific proteins. Can rule out other diseases or confirm loss of electron transport chain proteins.
3. Measures activities of specific enzymes. A special test called polarography measures oxygen consumption in mitochondria.
4. May confirm abnormal appearance of mitochondria. Not used much today.
Blood enzyme test
1. Lactate and pyruvate levels
2. Serum creatine kinase
1. If elevated, may indicate deficiency in electron transport chain; abnormal ratios of the two may help identify the part of the chain that is blocked.
2. May be slightly elevated in mitochondrial disease but usually only high in cases of mitochondrial DNA depletion.
Genetic test
1. Known mutations
2. Rare or unknown mutations
1. Uses blood sample or muscle sample to screen for known mutations, looking for common mutations first.
2. Can also look for rare or unknown mutations but may require samples from family members; this is more expensive and time-consuming.
Disease:
Mitochondrial Myopathy [2]
Source URL:
http://mda.org/disease/mitochondrial-myopathies/diagnosis
Links:
[1]
http://quest.mda.org/article/simply-stated-muscle-biopsies
[2]
http://mda.org/disease-name/mitochondrial-myopathy