3.1. The Importance of the Chain of Custody
The chain of custody demonstrates the integrity of an item of evidence [
34,
35,
36]. A paper trail should be maintained so that the individuals who supervised the preservation of evidence at any given time can be recognized and summoned to testify at trial if the need arises. As highlighted in a study by Jaffe and colleagues, a chain of custody control of evidence must be established whenever an object is presented as evidence [
37,
38]. Otherwise, the evidence may be considered inadmissible, casting serious doubts on its authenticity/integrity (also considering the possibility of adulteration and contamination of the sample) and on the tests carried out on them such as, for example, toxicological or histological tests [
39,
40], in usual or unusual, or “alternative”, matrices [
41,
42]. Proper chain of custody has been a crucial factor in high-profile cases, such as the 1994 murder trial of former pro football star O.J. Simpson [
1,
43].
The chain of custody must contain and document every transmission of the object from person to person since the seizure. The goal is to establish that the evidence is related to the alleged crime, was collected at the scene, and was in its original/unaltered condition rather than having been tampered with or otherwise polluted [
1]. To convict a defendant of a crime, the evidence against him or her must have been meticulously handled to avoid tampering or contamination.
The traceability of the registration of the control, of the transfer, and of the analysis of the samples indicates the transparency of the procedure [
44]. Maintaining the chain of custody is critical in forensic practice. Indeed, chain of custody documentation should be complete with information regarding the circumstances of the collection of evidence, the conditions of custody during the handling and/or retention of evidence, and how evidence is handed over to subsequent custodians each time that a transfer occurs (together with the signs of the people involved in the respective phase).
The purpose of this work is to renew the interest and attention for the chain of custody in forensic medicine, its establishment and maintenance, protecting the integrity and validity of evidence as well as to analyze how over time the establishment ...
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